What is a potential effect of nutrient overload in water bodies?

A potential effect of nutrient overload in water bodies is eutrophication, which leads to algal blooms. When excess nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, are introduced into aquatic systems—often from agricultural runoff, wastewater discharges, or other human activities—these nutrients stimulate the rapid growth of algae and aquatic vegetation.

As algal blooms expand, they can cover large areas of water bodies, blocking sunlight from reaching submerged plants. This disruption can lead to a decline in photosynthesis, resulting in fewer oxygen-producing aquatic plants. Furthermore, when these algae die and decompose, the decomposition process consumes dissolved oxygen in the water, leading to hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions. Such conditions can severely harm aquatic life, resulting in fish kills and a decline in biodiversity as sensitive species are unable to survive.

Understanding the process of eutrophication is crucial for managing water quality and protecting aquatic ecosystems, as it illustrates the interconnectedness of nutrient levels, biological activity, and the overall health of water bodies.